![[BGBM-Logo]](bgbmlog2.gif)
|
Lichen determination keys - neotropical Hypotrachyna - |
![[BGBM-Foto klein]](haus_kl.gif)
|
|
|
Lichen determination keys - neotropical Hypotrachyna - |
|
An update is presented for the key published by Mason HALE in his monograph of neotropical Hypotrachyna (1975). Subsequent literature records are added, some rearrangements made and additional characters included.
1a Thallus sorediate or pustulate or patchily with flaking cortex 2
1b Thallus isidiate or isidiate-lobulate 51
1c Thallus lacking soredia, isidia and pustules 101
2a Thallus greenish yellow (usnic acid present) 3
2b Thallus whitish to ashy grey (usnic acid lacking) 6
3a Lobes very narrow, less than 1 mm wide; medulla K- (protocetraric
acid, skyrin); West Indies and southern Brazil, at 1200-1600 m
H. velloziae (Vainio) Hale
3b Lobes 1-3 mm wide; medulla K+ red or K- 4
4a Medulla K- (protocetraric acid); southern Chile, Andes?
H. flavovirens (Kurok.) Hale
4b Medulla K+ yellow turning red 5
5a Soralia sorediate, subapical, subcapitate (salazinic acid, sometimes
with norstictic acid); widespread above c. 2000 m
H. sinuosa (Smith) Hale
5b Soralia pustulate, with or without granular soredia (salazinic and
norstictic acids); probably widespread above 2000 m
H. meyeri (Zahlbr.) Streim.
6a (2) Medulla uniformly pale yellow (barbatic acid group, secalonic acid A,
sometimes echinocarpic acid); capitate soralia present, usually
terminal on lobules; widespread above c. 2000 m
H. endochlora (Leight.) Hale
6b Medulla white 7
7a Soralia present, distinctly sorediate, often capitate, at age
sometimes finely pustular 8
7b Pustules or patchily flaking cortex present, sometimes partly
sorediate 23
8a Soralia generally terminal or subterminal on lobules 9
8b Soralia laminal toward the center of the thallus 19
9a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid); widespread above c.
2000 m H. brevirhiza (Kurok.) Hale
9b Medulla K- or slowly dull yellowish 10
10a Medulla C+ rose, red, or yellow-orange 11
10b Medulla C- (if KC+ yellow-orange, see 13a, barbatic acid group) 16
11a Soralia more irregular and diffuse; medulla P-, C+ rose (gyrophoric
acid); widespread above c. 2000 m H. revoluta (Flk.) Hale
11b Soralia orbicular, distinct, often capitate 12
12a Medulla P+ red, C+ rose (gyrophoric, echinocarpic and microphyllinic
acids); Mexico, on conifers at c. 2000 m H. thysanotha (Kurok.) Hale
12b Medulla P-, C+ yellow-orange, red or rose 13
13a Medulla C+ yellow-orange (barbatic acid group); widespread above
c. 2000 m H. laevigata (Smith) Hale
13b Medulla C+ rose or red 14
14a Lobes canaliculate; lower side with marginal rhizines only
(evernic and lecanoric acids); Colombia, Costa Rica, at 2300 m
H. everniastroides Sipman
14b Lobes linear to subirregular; lower side equally covered by rhizines
15
15a Medulla P-, C+ rose (evernic and lecanoric acids); widespread at
1000-3500 m H. rockii (Zahlbr.) Hale
15b Medulla P-, C+ rose (gyrophoric acid, unknowns); USA, West Indies?
H. oostingii (Dey) Hale
15c Medulla P-, C+ red (anziaic acid); mountains of USA and Colombia, at
2000-3600 m H. producta Hale
16a Medulla P+ red, UV- 17
16b Medulla P-, UV+ white (alectoronic acid) 18
17a Lobes 1-2 mm wide; thallus closely adnate (protocetraric acid);
Mexico, West Indies, Venezuela, Chile, at 1800-2200 m
H. pseudosinuosa (Asah.) Hale
17b Lobes 2-5 mm wide; thallus loosely attached (fumarprotocetraric and
succinprotocetraric acids, skyrin under soralia); widespread at 1000-
2200 m H. gondylophora (Hale) Hale
18a Thallus adnate; lobes short; Mexico, West Indies, Central America, at
900-1200 m H. exsplendens (Hale) Hale
18b Thallus loosely attached; lobes long-divaricate; widespread at 2000-
3700 m H. densirhizinata (Kurok.) Hale
19a (8) Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone in cortex); lobes narrow, about
1 mm wide; thallus closely adnate (echinocarpic acid); Venezuela,
Dominican Republic, at 1000-1250 m (similar plants with barbatic acid
or other compounds from the Dominican Republic may represent
undescribed species) H. adaffinis Sipman
19b Thallus UV- (atranorin in cortex) 20
20a Lobes narrow, about 1 mm wide; thallus closely adnate (echinocarpic
acid, atranorin); widespread at 1000-2000 m
H. subaffinis (Zahlbr.) Hale
20b Lobes 1-5 mm wide; thallus loosely adnate 21
21a Medulla C+ red (gyrophoric acid); widespread above c. 2000 m
H. revoluta (Flk.) Hale
21b Medulla C- 22
22a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid, skyrin); Mexico, West Indies, at
1400-2000 m H. croceopustulata (Kurok.) Hale
22b Medulla P- (colensoic, 4-0-methylphysodic, lividic acids, associates,
skyrin); Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, at (?-)2000-3000 m
H. immaculata (Kurok.) Hale
23a (7) Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone in cortex) 24
23b Thallus UV- (atranorin in cortex) 25
24a Lobes 1-2 mm wide (protocetraric and alectoronic acids, skyrin);
south-eastern Brazil H. malmei (Lynge) Hale
24b Lobes 1-5 mm wide (colensoic, norcolensoinic, 4-0-methylphysodic,
physodic, lividic acids, associates, rarely protocetraric acid, skyrin
if pigmented); widespread at 900-3000 m
H. osseoalba (Vain.) Park & Hale (syn. H. formosana (Zahlbr.) Hale)
25a Medulla C+ rose or red 26
25b Medulla C- 28
26a Medulla C+ red, KC+ orange; pustules erumpent and becoming coarsely
granular, with yellow to orange pigment in medulla (4-0-
demethylmicrophyllinic acid, olivetoric acid, skyrin); Argentina, on
rock at 2200 m H. leiophylla (Kurok.) Hale
26b Medulla C+ rose, KC+ red (gyrophoric acid) 27
27a Pustules present, isidiate and solid; Uruguay, under 1000 m
H. osorioi (Hale) Hale
27b Soralia present, with more or less soredia or flaking cortex;
widespread above c. 2000 m H. revoluta (Flk.) Hale
28a Pustules often becoming sorediate; medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid,
skyrin); Mexico, West Indies, 1400-2000 m
H. croceopustulata (Kurok.) Hale
28b Pustules not sorediate; medulla P- 29
29a Pustules with a hard, glossy surface, fragile (like large isidia);
rhizines densely branched (atranorin, colensoic, norcolensoinic, 4-0-
methylphysodic, physodic, lividic acids, associates, skyrin if
pigmented); widespread at 1000-2800 m H. dactylifera (Vain.) Hale
29b Pustules with easily eroding cortex, but not easily shed; rhizines
moderately branched to partly simple (atranorin, lividic acid,
associates, skyrin if pigmented); neotropical? (Africa, North America,
at 1900-2400 m) H. polydactyla (Krog & Swinscow) Nash
51a (1) Thallus yellowish green (usnic acid present in cortex, sometimes
with traces of atranorin) 52
51b Thallus whitish to ashy grey 56
52a Medulla K+ yellow turning red 53
52b Medulla K- or pale yellowish 54
53a Isidia distinctly lobulate (norstictic and salazinic, or norstictic,
stictic and constictic acids); Central America, northern Andes
southward to Peru, at 2800-3700 m H. andensis Hale
53b Isidia remaining cylindrical (norstictic, galbinic and salazinic
acids); widespread at 900-3100 m H. microblasta (Vain.) Hale
54a Medulla P+ orange to red 55
54b Medulla P- (divaricatic acid, C-, KC-); Goias (Brazil), on sandstone
at 700-900 m H. divaricatica Elix & T. H. Nash
55a Medulla with physodalic acid; southern Chile, Colombian Andes
H. subphysodalica (Hale) Hale
55b Medulla with protocetraric acid; Venezuela, on rock at 3200 m
H. neoflavida Hale & López F.
56a (51) Medulla uniformly yellow (barbatic and obtusatic acid, entothein,
indet. pigments, rarely echinocarpic or norobtusatic acids);
widespread at 1000-3000 m (when lobulate without cylindrical isidia,
see H. chlorina) H. isidiocera (Nyl.) Hale
56b Medulla white 57
57a Isidia mostly laminal on the lobe surface 58
57b Isidia marginal at lobe tips, more or less lobulate;
medulla C+ red (anziaic acid); Central America, Mexico, West Indies,
northern Andes southward to Peru, at 2000-2500 m
H. prolongata (Kurok.) Hale (syn. H. rachista (Hale) Hale)
58a Medulla K+ yellow turning red (norstictic, rarely with a trace of
stictic acid); Panama and Peru, at 1300-2300 m
H. rhabdiformis (Kurok.) Hale
58b Medulla K- or slowly pale yellowish 59
59a Medulla C+ or at least KC+ yellow-orange (barbatic acid group) 60
59b Medulla C+ rose or red or C- 62
60a Lobes narrow and appressed, 1-2 mm wide; isidia ciliate; Amazonas
(Venezuela), at 1300 m H. steyermarkii (Hale) Hale
60b Lobes 2-5 mm wide; isidia eciliate 61
61a Medulla P- (no echinocarpic acid); widespread at 200-2600 m
H. imbricatula (Zahlbr.) Hale
61b Medulla P+ red (echinocarpic acid); Mexico, Venezuela, southern Brazil,
on rock at c. 1000 m H. dentella (Hale & Kurokawa) Hale
62a Medulla C+ rose or red (anziaic or gyrophoric acids) 63
62b Medulla C- 67
63a Isidia cylindrical, erect 64
63b Isidia not cylindrical 65
64a Medulla with gyrophoric acid; Venezuela (Africa,
India), epiphytic at 2000-2200 m H. neodissecta (Hale) Hale
64b Medulla with evernic and lecanoric acids; widespread, at 1800-4100 m
H. bogotensis (Vainio) Hale
65a Isidia becoming lobulate, procumbent 66
65b Isidia club-shaped, crumbling apically (gyrophoric acid); Uruguay,
under 1000 m H. osorioi (Hale) Hale
66a Medulla with anziaic or (rarely) perlatolic acid; Central America,
Venezuela, Colombia, at 2200-3600 m H. partita Hale
66b Medulla with evernic and lecanoric acids; widespread, at 1800-4100 m
H. bogotensis (Vainio) Hale
67a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid) 68
67b Medulla P- 69
68a Lobes sublinear, 1-3 mm wide (protocetraric acid, skyrin if
pigmented); Mexico, West Indies, Venezuela, southern Brazil, at 800-
1600 m H. consimilis (Vain.) Hale
68b Lobes subirregular, 3-7 mm wide (protocetraric acid and fatty acid);
Mexico, 2100 m H. koyaensis (Asah.) Hale
69a Medulla KC-, UV- (protolichesterinic, ?caperatic acids); widespread,
at 1000-3500 m H. costaricensis (Nyl.) Hale
69b Medulla KC+ rose to red, UV+ white (alectoronic acid, usually with
a-collatolic acid) 70
70a Isidia cylindrical, erect; Venezuela, on rock at c. 2000 m
H. meridensis Hale & López F.
70b Isidia becoming lobulate, procumbent; Central America, northern Andes
southward to Colombia, West Indies, at 2000-3700 m
H. ensifolia (Kurok.) Hale
101a (1) Thallus greenish yellow (usnic acid dominant in cortex) 102
101b Thallus whitish to ashy grey 111
102a Lobes long and little branched, divaricate (internodia often much
longer than lobe width); thallus loosely attached 103
102b Lobes shorter (internodia usually not longer than twice the lobe
width), moderately branched; thallus generally adnate 105
103a Medulla K- (physodalic and/or protocetraric acid); northern Andes
from Peru to Venezuela, at 3700-4100 m H. physodalica (Hale) Hale
103b Medulla K+ yellow turning red 104
104a Stictic acid present; Venezuela, Colombia, at 2800-3900 m
H. lopezii Hale
104b Salazinic acid present (usually with norstictic and galbinic acids);
Central America, northern Andes southward to Bolivia, south-eastern
Brazil, at 1500-4200 m H. caraccensis (Tayl.) Hale
105a Medulla K+ yellow turning red 106
105b Medulla K- or K+ very pale yellow 107
106a Thallus corticolous (norstictic, salazinic acids); Panama, Colombia,
Peru, at 2800-3500 m H. reducens (Nyl.) Hale
106b Thallus saxicolous (norstictic, galbinic and salazinic acids);
Central America, northern Andes southward to Bolivia, south-eastern
Brazil, at 2200-3700 m H. enderythraea (Zahlbr.) Hale
107a Medulla C+ yellow-orange or red; saxicolous or corticolous 108
107b Medulla C-; saxicolous 109
108a Thallus corticolous; medulla C+ yellow-orange (barbatic acid group);
Costa Rica, at 3200 m H. protoboliviana (Hale) Hale
108b Thallus saxicolous; medulla C+ red (evernic and lecanoric acids);
Venezuela, above 2000 m H. cendensis Hale & López F.
109a Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid); Guiana Highlands, northern Andes
southward to Peru, south-eastern Brazil, on rock or rarely on soil, at
1200-4100 m H. flavida (Zahlbr.) Hale
109b Medulla P- 110
110a Medulla UV+ white (alectoronic and a-collatolic acid); Goias
(Brazil), on sandstone or moss at c. 800 m
H. goiasii Elix & T. H. Nash
110b Medulla UV- (hypoalectorialic acid); southern Brazil, on rock at 1500
m H. hypoalectorialica Elix & T. H. Nash
111a (101) All or most of the medulla pigmented yellow or red 112
111b Medulla white throughout 116
112a Thallus saxicolous 113
112b Thallus corticolous 114
113a Medulla C+ deep red (lichexanthone, olivetoric acid, skyrin);
northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia), on rock at 2300-3000 m
H. osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale
113b Medulla C- (lichexanthone, 4-0-methylphysodic and physodic acids,
skyrin, with or without colensoic and lividic acids and associates);
Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, on rock, at 1600-3500 m (if medulla pale
yellow, P+ red, see H. primitiva) H. erythrodes (Zahlbr.) Hale
114a Margins of lobes densely lobulate (barbatic acid group, entothein,
indet. pigments); widespread, at 900-2500 m
H. chlorina (Müll. Arg.) Hale
114b Margins of lobes sparsely lobulate or lacking lobules 115
115a Pigment pale yellow, throughout the medulla (barbatic acid group,
entothein); Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, at 2200-3600 m
H. peruviana (Nyl.) Hale
115b Pigment red, occurring in the lower half of the medulla
(lichexanthone, protocetraric acid, indet. anthraquinone); southern
Brazil H. silvatica (Lynge) Hale
116a (111) Lobes long and little branched (internodia often much longer than
lobe width); thallus loosely attached 117
116b Lobes shorter and moderately branched (internodia usually not longer
twice the lobe width); thallus adnate 121
117a Medulla C+ or at least KC+ yellow-orange (barbatic acid group);
Venezuela, Colombia, at 2800-3400 m H. monilifera (Kurok.) Hale
117b Medulla C+ rose or red or C- 118
118a Medulla C+ deep red (anziaic acid); Venezuela, Peru, at 3000-3800 m
H. ducalis sensu Hale, non (Jatta) Hale
Note. According to Krog & Swinscow (1979) the syntypes of Parmelia
ducalis Jatta contain barbatic and 4-0-demethylbarbatic acid and are
conspecific with P. subplumbeata Dodge.
118b Medulla C+ rose or C- 119
119a Medulla KC+ red, UV+ white (alectoronic acid) 120
119b Medulla KC-, UV-; thallus large, usually more than 8 cm broad; lobes
linear, subdivaricate, 1-3 mm wide, flat to convex (secalonic acid A,
unknowns, often traces of usnic, lobaric and gyrophoric acids);
Venezuela, above 3000 m H. paramense W. Culb. & C. Culb.
120a Thallus small, 3-6 cm broad (alectoronic acid alone); Dominican
Republic, at 2400-2800 m H. lineariloba (Kurok.) Hale
120b Thallus larger, more than 8 cm broad (alectoronic, a-collatolic and
sometimes gyrophoric acids); Mexico, Panama, northern Andes southward
to Bolivia, at 2600-3900 m
H. longiloba (H. Magn.) Hale (syn. H. gigas (Kurok.) Hale
121a (116) Thallus UV+ yellow (lichexanthone in cortex, sometimes with
atranorin) 122
121b Thallus UV- (atranorin only in the cortex) 127
122a Lower part of medulla pigmented orange (skyrin) 123
122b Medulla white throughout 124
123b Medulla P+ red, C- (fumarprotocetraric acid); south-eastern Brazil, on
sandstone rock at c. 1000 m. H. minima (Lynge) Hale
123a Medulla P-, C+ red (olivetoric acid, indet. substances); Colombia,
Venezuela, on rock at 2300-3000 m H. osteoleuca (Nyl.) Hale
124a Medulla P+ red (fumarprotocetraric acid); southeastern Brazil, on rock
at 1000-2300 m H. brasiliana (Nyl.) Hale
124b Medulla P- 125
125a Medulla C+ deep red (lichexanthone, anziaic acid); thallus loosely
attached; southeastern Brazil, saxicolous at c. 1800 m
H. eitenii (Hale) Hale
125b Medulla C-; thallus closely adnate 126
126a Saxicolous, not darkening toward the center; rhizines sparsely
branched; medulla white or turning dull salmon (4-0-methylphysodic and
physodic acids, skyrin, with or without colensoic and lividic acids
and associates); Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, on rock at 1600-3500 m
H. erythrodes (Zahlbr.) Hale
126b Corticolous, darkening toward the center; rhizines densely branched;
medulla white (colensoic, norcolensoinic, 4-0-methylphysodic and
physodic acids, lividic acid and associates); Venezuela and southern
Brazil, corticolous at 1000-2000 m H. novella (Vain.) Hale
127a (121) Medulla K+ yellow turning red (salazinic acid) 128
127b Medulla K- or pale yellowish 130
128a Saxicolous or on soil (salazinic acid alone); rhizines sparsely
branched; Mexico, at c. 2200 m H. subsaxatilis (Bouly de Lesd.) Hale
128b Corticolous 129
129a Norstictic acid present (skyrin sometimes present, norstictic acid
sometimes absent?); thallus 3-8 cm broad, often whitish pruinose;
Mexico, Panama, Chile, at 1500-2100 m H. sublaevigata (Nyl.) Hale
129b Norstictic acid absent (salazinic acid alone); thallus 8-12 cm broad,
not pruinose; Panama, at c. 1500 m H. boquetensis (Hale) Hale
130a (127) Medulla C+ yellow-orange, red or rose 131
130b Medulla C- 136
131a Medulla C+ yellow-orange (barbatic acid group) 132
131b Medulla C+ red or rose 134
132a Apothecia strongly stalked; medulla often very pale yellow (entothein
present); Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, at 2200-3600 m
H. peruviana (Nyl.) Hale
132b Apothecia adnate; medulla white (entothein absent) 133
133a Maculae absent to weakly developed; widespread, at 1500-4100 m
H. physcioides (Nyl.) Hale
133b Maculae strongly developed; Mexico, at c. 3800 m
H. cf. subplumbeata (Dodge) Hale
Note. According to Krog & Swinscow (1979) Parmelia subplumbeata is a
synonym of H. ducalis (Jatta) Hale, a species with a weakly maculate
surface and a fragile, often flaking cortex.
134a Lobes subirregular, broadly canaliculate; lower side with broad brown
zone along the margins; C+ rose (gyrophoric acid); Mexico, southern
Brazil to Argentina, at 1000-2300 m H. pluriformis (Nyl.) Hale
134b Lobes sublinear, not canaliculate 135
135a Maculae usually conspicuous (evernic and lecanoric acids); Mexico,
Central America, Jamaica, northern Andes southward to Bolivia, south-
eastern Brazil, at 1200-4300 m H. pulvinata (Fée) Hale
135b Maculae absent (olivetoric acid); south-eastern Brazil and Argentina,
500-1200 m H. intercalanda (Vain.) Hale
135c Maculae absent (evernic, lecanoric, obtusatic, norobtusatic acids);
Costa Rica, Venezuela, Peru, on rock, mosses and soil at 3300-3600 m
H. chicitae (Hale) Hale
136a (130) Medulla P+ red (protocetraric acid) 137
136b Medulla P- 140
137a Thallus loosely applanate 138
137b Thallus closely attached to the rock face; medulla with protocetraric
acid 139
138a Saxicolous, often growing over mosses on rock; medulla with
fumarprotocetraric acid (and sometimes with unknown pale yellow
pigment); Venezuela and Colombia, on rock or soil above 3000 m
H. primitiva Hale & López F.
138b Corticolous; medulla with protocetraric acid, and skyrin if
pigmented; West Indies, southern Brazil, corticolous at 1000-2000 m
H. bahiana (Nyl.) Hale
139a Thallus dark grey; lobes about 1 mm wide, short; Venezuela, southern
Brazil, on rock at 1500-3500 m H. obscurella (Vain.) Hale
139b Thallus whitish grey; lobes 2-4 mm wide; south-eastern Brazil, on
sandstone rock at c. 1000 m H. contradicta (Hale) Hale
140a (136) Lobe margins distinctly lobulate (indet. fatty substance);
thallus rather coriaceous; Peru, at 3100 m H. singularis (Hale) Hale
140b Lobe margins without lobules 141
141a Medulla UV+ white, KC+ red (alectoronic and a-collatolic acid) 142
141b Medulla UV-, KC- or KC+ red (if KC+ yellow-orange, see 132) 143
142a Corticolous, rarely saxicolous; thallus rather closely adnate and
coriaceous; lobes 1-2.5 mm wide; Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, southern
Brazil, at 1000-3500 m H. degelii (Hale) Hale
142b Saxicolous and on soil; thallus rather loosely adnate and colonies
breaking easily apart; lobes 2-4 mm wide (additionally skyrin if
pigmented); Central America, northern Andes southward to Peru,
southern Brazil, at 1700-4100 m H. protenta Hale
143a Lividic acid present (atranorin, colensoic, norcolensoinic, 4-0-
methylphysodic and physodic acids, lividic acid and associates);
Bahamas, Venezuela, south-eastern Brazil to Argentina, at 500-2800 m
H. livida (Tayl.) Hale
143b "palmarum unknown" present (atranorin, colensoic acid, unknowns; P-,
K-, C-, KC+ rose); south-eastern Brazil, epiphytic at 600-1500 m
H. palmarum (Lynge) Hale
143c "gracilescens unknown" present (P-, K-, C-, KC-); southeastern
Brazil, on rock at 1400-1500 m H. gracilescens (Vainio) Hale
Literature:
Hale, M. E. 1975. A revision of the lichen genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in Tropical America. Smithsonian Contrib. Bot. 25, 73 pages.
Krog, H. & Swinscow, T. D. V. 1979. Parmelia subgenus Hypotrachyna in East Africa. Norw. J. Bot. 26: 11-43.
| BGBM homepage | BGBM research homepage | more keys |