[ticolichen-Logo] provisional
determination keys
for the Graphidales
of Costa Rica
[bgbm-Logo] [graphidales-Logo] by H. Sipman
BGBM
last updated:
18 August 2008
other webkeys
other Zschackia issues
intro - genera - Acanthothecis - Anomomorpha - Aulacographa - Carbacanthographis - Diorygma - Dyplolabia - Fissurina - Glyphis - Graphis - Hemithecium - Leiorreuma - Phaeographis - Phaeographopsis - Platygramme - Platythecium - Sarcographa - Thalloloma - Thecaria -
corticolous Thelotremataceae

Acanthotrema, Ampliotrema, Chapsa, Gyrotrema, Fibrillithecis, Leptotrema, Leucodecton, Melanotrema, Myriotrema, Ocellularia, Ramonia?, Redingeria, Reimnitzia, Stegobolus, Thelotrema

The species of Ocellularia in Costa Rica

Ocellularia antillensis Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 2 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, minutely verrucose, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in hardly raised, 0.2-0.3 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide pore filled by a grey, carbonized columellae, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 100 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 25-30 x 8 mu, 6-8 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 48391B. NOTE: CR specimen is probably deviating by its greenish, not minutely verrucose thallus and small ascocarps.
[O. antillensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman48391B); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia aurulenta Hale - Thallus continuously pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, with dense, irregular, thick and swollen, ca. 0.2-0.2 mm wide PAPILLAE, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla thick, yellow; ascocarps uncommon, immersed in distinctly raised, 0.5 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide pore, with carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear?; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 1-2/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 150-200 x 25-35 mu, 15-19 celled; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric and 4-O-demethylnotatic acids, yellow pigment. NOTE: the yellow medulla shows up when the papillose thallus is rubbed. Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia bahiana (Ach.) A.Frisch - Thallus green-grey, often over 10 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface dull, with indistinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in low, 0.3-0.4(-1.0) mm wide warts with initially 0.1-0.2 mm wide, round, pale pore, later to 0.5 mm wide and showing the grey disc sometimes with pale, non-carbonized columellae, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 120-200 mu, clear; spores grey-brown, muriform, clavate, -8/ascus, juv. I+ violet, 25-35 x 12-15 mu, 6-10 x 2-3 celled, juv. with thin septa, full-grown with rounded lumina and thicker outer wall; chemistry: protocetraric acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 47895, 48066A, 41978, 11998; on lower trunks in forest.
[O. bahiana] [O. bahiana]
Costa Rica (Sipman 48066A); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 48064); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia barroensis Hale - Thallus greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct to filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, white; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, ca. 0.5-1 mm wide warts with 0.05-0.2 mm wide pore with whitish margin, not showing the disc or showing a greyish disc, sometimes with white, non-carbonized columella, without externally visible inner excipulum, not carbonized; hymenium 100-150 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, (5-)8/ascus, I+ brown-violet to dark violet, 16-23 x 6-8 mu, 5-8 celled; chemistry: no substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 46553, 50984, 51103C, 42241, 51088D. NOTE: resembling O. papillata but with uncarbonized ascocarps in larger thallus warts; two specimens look dissimilar: 50948 has a finely warty thallus with distinct discs, a thick, crystalliferous medulla and a carbonized excipulum, 46553 and 51088D have small ascocarp warts with narrow pores.
[O. barroensis] [O. barroensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42236); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51103C); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. barroensis] [O. barroensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 50984); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 46553); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. barroensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51088D); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia bullata Hale - Thallus continuously greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, with dense, ca. 0.1 mm wide and to 0.3 mm tall, swollen ISIDIA, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla inconspicuous; ascocarps uncommon, immersed in distinctly raised, 0.4-0.5 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded pore, with carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 70 mu, clear?; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 4-8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 50-65 x 10 mu, 7-9 celled; chemistry: stictic, constictic acids. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia calvescens (Fée) Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, more or less fissured, surface shiny or occasionally dull, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in more or less raised, 0.5-1 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide pore not showing the disc with sometimes paler margin, with carbonized excipulum but without or with indistinct columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium (80-)110-150(-180) mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 6-8/ascus, I+ dark violet or brown-violet, ca. 18-35 x (6-)8-9 mu, 6-10 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 47815B, 47815A, 48063G, 48391A, 51123, 51984, 51993. NOTE: No. 48391A deviates by its dull thallus and large (1.0 mm wide) fruit warts with wide pore showing the disc. No. 51123 has the smallest hymenium and spores. Seemingly close to O. psorbarroensis. Ocellularia terebrata is also very close but differs by its more raised ascocarps with more strongly developed columella and carbonized exciple.
[M. calvescens] [M. calvescens]
Costa Rica (Sipman 12101); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 47815A); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[M. calvescens] [M. calvescens]
Costa Rica (Sipman 47815B); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51984); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[M. calvescens]
Costa Rica (Sipman 41123); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia carassensis (Vain.) INED. - Thallus greenish grey, over 6 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla distinct?, whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.8-1.0 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded, sunken pore, with weakly carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 110-130 (-180) mu, clear?; spores hyaline, muriform, 8/ascus, I+ violet, ca. 30-40 x 12-15 mu, ca. 8-10 x 1-2 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. NOTE: Description after Hale (1974). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but found in El Salvador.
[T. carassense]
El Salvador (Sipman 37559); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia cavata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. (Ocellularia cinchonarum (Fée) Spreng. ex Müll. Arg.) - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, yellowish, sometimes white or pale reddish; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, basally constricted, 0.7-0.9 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded, sunken pore surrounded by pale margin showing a strong, carbonized columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 24-70 x 6-12 mu, ca. 7-18 celled; chemistry: cinchonarum unknown with yellow pigment. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. cavata] [O. cavata]
Mexico, Chiapas (Wolf 2106); picture length = 3.5 mm. Puerto Rico (Harris 22321); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia chiriquiensis (Hale) Hale - Thallus pale yellowish, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, verrucose, fissured, surface shiny, with distinct cortex?, not oily; medulla indistinct?; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, basally constricted to subglobose, fragile, 0.7-1.0 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded, sunken pore, with weakly carbonized ("apice fuliginea") excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 300 mu, clear; spores grey, muriform, 1-2/ascus, I-, ca. 160-190 x 35-40 mu, ca. ? x ? celled ("dense muralis"); chemistry: hypoprotocetraric and 4-O-demethylnotatic acids. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia conformis (Fée) Hale - Thallus pale grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps initially immersed in thallus, finally becoming raised, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, with 0.1-0.5 mm wide, round pore, when wide enough often showing a columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 4/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 24-50 x 10-16 mu, 7-10 x 2-4 celled; chemistry: psoromic and conpsoromic acids. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. conformis]
Guyana (Sipman 19383); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia crocea (Kremp.) v. Overeem-de Haas - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, pale reddish orange; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.4-0.7 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, rounded, sunken pore surrounded by pale margin showing the inner excipulum, with carbonized excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 18-20 x 5-7 mu, 5-7 celled; chemistry: cinchonarum unknown with yellow pigment. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. crocea]
Singapore (Sipman 46163); medulla colour is visible in abraded, unsharp part of picture; picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia dactyliza Hale - Thallus olivaceous greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, with thick, somewhat inflated ISIDIA easily breaking open apically, surface shiny, rugulose, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, 0.7-1.1 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide, rounded pore surrounded by pale margin, without columella, with apically carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 120 mu, the paraphyses incrusted with grains; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 6-8/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 50 x 12 mu,12-15 celled; chemistry: protocetraric acid. NOTE: similar species with carbonized excipulum, without columella, with protocetraric acid and small, hyaline, transversely septate spores, include (after Hale 1974): O. nigropuncta Hale, with 0.6-0.8 mm wide ascocarp warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide pore with black rim; O bonplandiae (Fée) Müll. Arg. with grainy, fissured thallus surface, and O. verrucosa (Fée) Müll. Arg. with irregular open pore and over 30 mu long spores. Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia decolorata Hale - Thallus pale greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in slightly raised, 0.4-0.6 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded pore surrounded by pale margin showing the lacerate inner excipulum separated from the outer wall, with carbonized excipulum?; hymenium 75-85 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 18-22 x 6 mu, 5-6 celled; chemistry: cinchonarum unknown with yellow pigment. NOTE: said to be virtually identical to O. crocea; no indication of carbonization is given. Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia dolichotata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Thallus greenish grey, over 6 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily, finely warty; medulla indistinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed in clearly raised, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, semiglobose warts with 0.2-0.3 mm wide pore showing a conspicuous, white, carbonized columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium c.a 300-400 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, ca. 4/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 140-250 x 15-20(-30) mu, ca. 30 celled; chemistry: no substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 51167B, 51175C, 51158, 42242. NOTE: So far only known from the Palaeotropics. Morphologically similar to O. ripleyi, which contains psoromic acid.
[O. dolichotata] [O. dolichotata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42242); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51167B); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia domingensis (Fée in Nyl.) Müll. Arg. - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, rugulose, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, white; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, basally constricted, 0.6-1.0 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded, sunken pore surrounded by pale margin, with carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ?300 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 1(-2)/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 200-300 x 35-40 mu, ca. 22-30 celled; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric acid and accessory substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 46574, 20775, 20784, 46504?. NOTE: Close to O. rhodostroma but without pink medullary pigment. Nr. 46504 deviates by its lower, not basally constricted ascocarp warts with tiny, 0.05 mm wide, not sunken pore.
[O. domingensis] [O. domingensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 46574); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 46504), identity somewhat uncertain; picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia cf. erumpens (H. Magn.) Hale - Thallus pale grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed in thallus or in very slightly raised, 0.5-0.8 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide, round pore with thallus-coloured margin, the wider pores showing a pale grey disc, without externally visible inner excipulum, with thickly carbonized excipulum, without columella; hymenium ca. 100-150 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 8/ascus, I-negative, ca. 25-30 x 12 mu, 4-6 x 2 celled, juv. with thickened middle septum; chemistry: stictic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 48215B. NOTE: The pores are larger than indicated by Hale (1978); many ascocarps of the specimen seem to be damaged by grazing, and it may concern a damaged specimen of T. leucomelanum.
[O. erumpens]
Costa Rica (Sipman 48215B); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia fecunda (Vain.) Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, light yellowish orange; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, 1.5-2.0 mm wide warts with 0.4-0.8 mm wide, irregular pore, with heavily carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ?300 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 4/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 80-150 x 12-20 mu, 15-30 celled; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric and 4-O-demethylnotatic acids. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. fecunda]
Dominica (Hale 38061); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia "gerardii" INED. - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, densely fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.3-0.6 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide pore with pale margin, the largest ones showing the pinkish disc, without carbonisation, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 20 x 6 mu, 6 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid with stictic acid agg. Specimens studied: Sipman 20796, 44326. NOTE: Nr. 44326 deviates by its small ascocarp warts with small pores and the absence of stictic acid agg.
[O. [O.
Costa Rica (Sipman 20796); picture length = 4 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 44326); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia interposita (Nyl.) Hale - Thallus pale grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, coarsely verrucose, minutely warty, surface slightly shiny?, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, 0.8-1.1 mm wide warts with 0.15-0.2 mm wide pore showing the deeply sunken, apically grey columella, with heavily carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 200-300 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 2/ascus, I+ blackviolet, ca. 85-125(.175) x 28-40 mu, ca. 40 x 10 celled (numerous locules); chemistry: psoromic acid. NOTE: Description after Hale (1974) and specimens from El Salvador. Not yet known from Costa Rica, but found in El Salvador.
[O. interposita] [O. interposita]
El Salvador (Sipman 37768); picture length = 4 mm. El Salvador (Sipman 37489); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia landronii Hale - Thallus greyish green, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in the thallus or slightly raised in 0.8-1.0 mm wide warts with ca. 0.2 mm wide pore showing the slender, white-tipped columella, with apically carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 80-90 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 14-19 x 5-6 mu, 5-6 celled; chemistry: no substance. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia mauritiana Hale [Myriotrema protocetraricum (Hale) Hale] - Thallus greyish green or with white spots, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.5-0.8 mm wide warts with 0.2 mm wide, round pore with white margin, not carbonized and usually without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 130 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, -8/ascus, I+ (brown)violet, ca. 20-28 x 6-8 mu, 7-8 celled; chemistry: protocetraric acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 41957, 11996 (U). NOTE: very close to O. perforata, mainly differing by the absence of carbonization.
[M. protocetraricum] [M. protocetraricum]
Costa Rica (Sipman 41957); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 11996); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[M. protocetraricum] [M. protocetraricum]
Costa Rica (Sipman 11996); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 11993); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia maxima (Hale) Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1.5-2.0 mm wide thallus warts with 0.1-0.5 mm wide, round, white-rimmed pore, without or with rudimentary columella, with apically slightly carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 200-220 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 1-2/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 100-160 x 30-40 mu, ? x ? celled (dense); chemistry: psoromic and conpsoromic acids. NOTE: Said to be related to O. conformis, O. interposita and O. postposita (Nyl.) Zahlbr. Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. maxima] [O. maxima]
El Salvador (Sipman 37625); picture length = 4 mm. El Salvador (Sipman 37843); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia minutula Hale - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla distinct; ascocarps immersed, ca. 0.3 mm wide with 0.05-0.1 mm wide, round pore with white rim, without carbonization, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, XXX-8/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 24-27 x 9 mu, 9 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 42270. NOTE: The spores are Ocellularia-type.
[M. minutulum]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42270); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia mordenii Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous to fissured, rather warty and easily abraded revealing the red medulla, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, red (most distinct in ascocarp warts); ascocarps immersed in the thallus or in slightly raised, inconspicuous, ? mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide pore with thallus-coloured margin, with carbonized excipulum and weakly developed columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 1-2/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 70-150 x 15-20 mu, ca. 24-30 celled; chemistry: no substance, pigment. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
in prep.
Ocellularia panamensis (Hale) Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1.0-1.2 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, rounded pore not showing the orange-yellow-pigmented disc without columella, with thallus-coloured margin and carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 250 mu, inspersed; spores grey, muriform, 8/ascus, I+ ?, ca. 22-30 x 11-13 mu, ca. 8 x 3 celled; chemistry: no substance. Specimen studied: Sipman 37292. NOTE: resembling Ampliotrema auratum by its yellow disc, but differing in spore colour and chemistry.
[O. panamensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 37292); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia papillata (Leight.) Zahlbr. - Thallus greenish grey or occasionally (51619, 51632) with white dots, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny or dull, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in very slightly to slightly raised, 0.3-0.7 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, rounded pore often showing a small black, carbonized columella, with thallus-coloured margin and carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 90-130 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, to 8/ascus, I+ dark- to brown-violet, ca. 20-30(-35) x 6-8 mu, (7-)8-10 celled; chemistry: no substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 48016, 51087, 51143, 51617, 51619, 51632. NOTE: Superficially very similar to P. perforata, but without protocetraric acid and less often with white dots.
[O. papillata] [O. papillata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51088C); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 47820F); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. papillata] [O. papillata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 48016); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51088c); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. papillata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51143); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia perforata (Leight.) Müll. Arg.; syn. Ocellularia rufocincta Müll. Arg. - Thallus greenish grey, sometimes white-spotted (50983A not), over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in the thallus or in slightly raised, 0.3-0.6 mm wide warts with ca. 0.1 mm wide pore with usually pale margin and a small, grey to black columella, with more or less carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 90-100(-150) mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark- to brown-violet, 18-28(-45) x 7-8(-10) mu, 5-8(-10) celled; chemistry: protocetraric acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 50938A, 51156B, 51170D, 47887A, 11893, 20788, 44335, 42222, 42329, 42326, 42312, 51653, 51629. NOTE: Easily confused with O. papillata. Nr. 50983A deviates because the ascocarps are not raised. Nrs 48034C and 48045 deviate because the ascocarps are larger, more raised, with larger pores: 0.6-0.8 mm wide, pore 0.1-0.2 mm, excipulum hardly carbonized, hym. 130-150 m, spores 22-45 x 8-11 mu, 6-10-celled; thallus tan, without white spots. Nr. 47887A has small, hardly raised, hardly carbonized ascocarps. The carbonisation is sometimes very reduced, e.g. in 41965, 41961.
[O. perforata] [O. perforata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42222); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51156B); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. perforata] [O. perforata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51170D); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 47887A); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. perforata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51629); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia praestans (Müll. Arg.) Hale - Thallus greyish green, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct to filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1.5-2.0 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, rounded, white-rimmed, pore, often showing the white columella-top, surrounded by thalline marginal area, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 400 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 1/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 250-300 x 30 mu, ca. ?? celled; chemistry: indet. greenish spot (G3-4). Specimens studied: Sipman 12116 (U), 37290; Aptroot 60638. NOTE: Thelotrema depressum Mont. is similar, but without lichen substance (after Hale 1974).
[O. praestans] [O. praestans]
Costa Rica (Aptroot 60638); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 12116); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia "praestantoides" INED. - Thallus greyish green with more or less distinct, white dots, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct, whitish?; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1.0-1.8 mm wide, basally constricted or not warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, white-rimmed pore showing the white columella tip, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 200-300 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 1-2/ascus, I+ dark violet to dark brown-violet, ca. 90-110 x 30 mu, 20-25 x 7-9 celled; chemistry: protocetraric acid (Nr. 42308 no subst.?). Specimens studied: Sipman 42307, 42308, 42328, 42315, 52016.
[O. praestantoides] [O. praestantoides]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42315); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 52016); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. praestantoides]
Costa Rica (Sipman 42307); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia "psorbarroensis" INED. - Thallus greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, fissured, surface slightly shiny, with filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, white; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, ca. 0.8-1.2 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide pore with whitish margin, not showing the disc or showing a greyish disc, sometimes with white, non-carbonized columella, without externally visible inner excipulum, not carbonized; hymenium 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 25 x 8 mu, 8 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 51088E. NOTE: resembling O. barroensis but with different chemistry. Also seeming very similar to O. calvescens.
[O. psorbarroensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51088E); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia rhabdospora (Nyl.) Redgr. - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, to 2.0 mm wide warts with 0.2-0.3 mm wide, round pore with sometimes raised rim, with heavily carbonized excipulum, with distinct columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 1-2/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 120-160 x 12 mu, ca. 15-20 celled; chemistry: cinchonarum unknown. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).
[O. rhabdospora] [O. rhabdospora]
Puerto Rico (Sipman 26016); picture length = 4 mm. Cuba (Harris 14660); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia rhodostroma (Mont.) Zahlbr. - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, pink (best seen in ascocarp warts); ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, basally constricted warts with 0.1 mm wide pore with sometimes raised rim, with carbonized excipulum, without columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 250-400 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 1/ascus, I+ brown- to dark violet, ca. (90-)150-270 x (20-)25-40 mu, ca. 26-36 celled; chemistry: 1. hypoprotocetraric acid and pigment; 2. pigment (may cover hypoprotocetraric acid) (47820C, 41955, 41956, 41960, 41973, 41988). Specimens studied: Sipman 47820E, 48032A, 37289, 37287, 46561, 20804, 51780, 51912. NOTE: close to O. domingensis, but with pink medullary pigment.
[O. rhodostroma] [O. rhodostroma]
Costa Rica (Sipman 41956); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51780); note pigmented medulla; picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. rhodostroma]
Costa Rica (Sipman 47820E); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia ripleyi Hale - Thallus greenish grey, over 6 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily, finely warty; medulla indistinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed in clearly raised, 1.2-1.7 mm wide, semiglobose warts with 0.2-0.3 mm wide pore showing a conspicuous, white, carbonized columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium c.a. 450 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, ca. 2/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 90-100 x 15-16 mu, ca. 20 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Aptroot 60188. NOTE: Morphologically similar to O. dolichotata, which lacks psoromic acid.
[O. ripleyi]
Costa Rica (Aptroot 60188); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia "subbarroensis" INED. - Thallus greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, white; ascocarps immersed in weakly to distinctly raised, ca. 0.5-1 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide pore with whitish margin, not showing the disc or showing a greyish disc, sometimes with white, non-carbonized columella, without externally visible inner excipulum, not carbonized; hymenium 150 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 30 x 9 mu, 10 celled; chemistry: protocetraric acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 37284. NOTE: resembling O. barroensis but with different chemistry.
[O. subbarroensis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 37284); picture length = 4 mm.
Ocellularia subpraestans (Hale) Hale - Thallus greyish green, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in strongly raised, 1.5-2.0 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, rounded, white-rimmed, often sunken, pore, not showing the columella, surrounded by swollen, pale marginal area, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium >300 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 1/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 450-600 x 40-50 mu, ca. 200 x 15 celled, apiculate; chemistry: hypostictic, stictic, ?cryptostictic acids. Specimens studied: Sipman 12297, Aptroot 60138.
[O. subpraestans] [O. subpraestans]
Costa Rica (Aptroot 60138); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Aptroot 60138); picture length = 3.5 mm.
"Ocellularia" clandestina (Ach.) Müll.Arg. [Ocellularia tenuis (Hale) Hale]  - Thallus pale tannish grey, 3-5 cm diam., endo- or slightly epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with indistinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in slightly raised, 0.3-0.5 mm wide warts with 0.05 mm wide pore with usually blackish margin, with carbonized excipulum and thin columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, submuriform, 8/ascus, I-negative (or very pale blue), ca. 13-30 x 6-12 mu, 4-6 x 2 celled, juv. with thick septa; chemistry: hypostictic (only in 46569), stictic acids; Nrs. 20440, 41937, 42286 and 44316 seem without substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 20440, 46569, 41937, 42286, 44316, Aptroot 60543, 60624. NOTE: O. pyrenuloides Zahlbr. is similar with transversely septate, 6-7-celled spores (after Hale 1974).
[O. tenuis] [O. tenuis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 41728); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Aptroot 60624); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia terebrata (Ach.) Müll. Arg. - Thallus greenish grey, over 2 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, smooth, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in hardly raised, 0.2-0.4 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide pore with a grey, carbonized columella inside, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 100? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 15 x 6 mu, ca. 6-celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 12120 (U), 53236. NOTE: specimen 12120 identified by M. Hale, 1980. Close to Myriotrema calvescens with more immersed ascocarps with weaker or without columella.
[O. terebrata]
Costa Rica (Sipman 12120); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia terebrata (Ach.) Müll.Arg. [Ocellularia comparabilis (Kremp.) Müll.Arg.] - Thallus pale grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in more or less raised, 0.5-1.5 mm wide warts with ca. 0.2(-0.5) mm wide pore showing the thick, apically white or grey columella, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 90 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 16-18 x 6 mu, 6-8 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 51699.
[O. comparabilis] [O. comparabilis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51699); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 12122); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia umbilicata Müll. Arg. - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, densely small- and low-warty, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla distinct; ascocarps in slightly raised, ca. 0.5-0.8 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, round, pore with pale, sunken rim, with carbonized excipulum ("perithecium fulvum"), without or with reduced central papilla on the disc, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, -8/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 17-21 x 7-9 mu, 6-8 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimens studied: Tonduz, 1893 (G - Hb. Müller Arg, lectotype selected by M. Hale, 1972)
in prep.
Ocellularia cf. viridis Hale - Thallus greenish grey, 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, basally constricted, 0.4-0.7 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.2 mm wide, rounded pore showing a big, rounded, black columella, margin same colour as thallus, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 150 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 40 x 8 mu, ca. 12 celled; chemistry: unknown substance. Specimen studied: Sipman 47813D. NOTE: specimen deviates by its large spores, the prominent columella and the absence of the unknown substance (which seems to be weak, however).
[O. viridis]
Costa Rica (Sipman 47813D); picture length = 3.5 mm.
Ocellularia xanthostroma (Nyl.) Zahlbr. - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla distinct, orange (most distinct in ascocarp warts); ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 1.0-1.4 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide pore with thallus-coloured margin, filled by a grey columella, with carbonized excipulum and columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 350 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 2-4/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 180-200 x 18-22 mu, ca. 35-50 celled; chemistry: no substance, 2 pigments. Specimens studied: Sipman 51088B, 51096. NOTE: Hale (1974) distinguishes this species from the very similar O. mordenii Hale by the pale yellow-orange, K- pigment instead of the blood-red, K+ pigment.
[O. xanthostroma] [O. xanthostroma]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51088G); picture length = 3.5 mm. Costa Rica (Sipman 51089B); picture length = 3.5 mm.
[O. xanthostroma]
Costa Rica (Sipman 51103E); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Acanthotrema, Ampliotrema, Chapsa, Gyrotrema, Fibrillithecis, Leptotrema, Leucodecton, Melanotrema, Myriotrema, Ocellularia, Ramonia?, Redingeria, Reimnitzia, Stegobolus, Thelotrema