BGBM: lichens, keys, CR graphidales, thelotremataceae

Acanthotrema, Ampliotrema, Chapsa, Gyrotrema, Fibrillithecis, Leptotrema, Leucodecton, Melanotrema, Myriotrema, Ocellularia, Ramonia?, Redingeria, Reimnitzia, Stegobolus, Thelotrema

Species of Ramonia? in Costa Rica

Ramonia sp.? - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or somewhat fissured, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.4-0.8 mm wide warts with 0.1 mm wide, impressed pore with thallus-coloured margin, apically crumbling and the larger warts showing upon abrasion a concentric pattern (of repeated inner excipula?), with completely carbonized wall, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 200 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, 4-8/ascus, I-, ca. 60-75 x 20-25 mu, ca. 20 x 6-7 celled, with rather thin septa; chemistry: stictic (20875) or psoromic acid (44310). Specimens studied: Sipman 20875, 44310. NOTE: The completely carbonized wall suggests that it is no Thelotremataceae, perhaps Ramonia or Topeliopsis?


Costa Rica (Sipman 44310); picture length = 3.5 mm.

The species of Redingeria in Costa Rica

Redingeria glyphica (Nyl.) A.Frisch - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.5-1(-2) mm wide warts with over 0.5 mm wide pore showing the white-powdery, radiately fissured and columellate disc surrounded by an erect, thalline margin, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores pale grey, transversely septate, 8/ascus, juv. I+ violet?, ca. 20 x 10 mu, 4 celled, with thick outer wall; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 46576. NOTE: Superficially very similar to S. auberianus, with different chemistry. The material deviates by the absence of lichexanthone.


Costa Rica (Sipman 46576); picture length = 4 mm.

Redingeria leiostoma (Tuck.) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish grey, over 3 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous (or fissured?), surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in slightly raised, 0.3-0.6 mm wide warts with ca. 0.1-0.3 mm wide, round, white-rimmed pore showing a weakly developed columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores grey, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I-?, ca. 15 x 8 mu, 4 celled; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric acid. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


in prep.

The species of Reimnitzia in Costa Rica

Reimnitzia santensis (Tuck.) Kalb - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface dull with glistening crystals, with indistinct cortex, not oily, with scattered short isidioid outgrowths ca. 0.1 mm diam.; medulla distinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed, with fully exposed, 0.5-1 mm wide, irregularly lobed, grey disc, with short, erected, somewhat lobed thalline margin, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 75-130 mu, clear; spores dark grey, muriform, 8?/ascus, I-negative?, ca. 15-23 x 9-10 mu, 4-6 x 2 celled, with thick outer wall; chemistry: no substance. Specimens studied: Sipman 51047B2. NOTE: Ascocarps are often scarce, and the species is more readily recognizable by the isidioid outgrowths.


Costa Rica (Sipman 51047B2); picture length = 3.5 mm.

The species of Stegobolus in Costa Rica

Stegobolus actinotus (Tuck.) A.Frisch & Kalb - Thallus continuously greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, fissured, surface shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.5?-2 mm wide warts with over 0.5 mm wide pore showing the white-powdery, radiately fissured and columellate disc surrounded by an erect, white-rimmed, thalline margin, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 15 x 6 mu, 3-4 celled; chemistry: hypoprotocetraric and 4-O-demethylnotatic acids. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


in prep.

Stegobolus anamorphus (Nyl.) A.Frisch & Kalb [Myriotrema subwrightii (Hale) Hale] - Thallus pale greenish grey, usually over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with slightly filmy cortex; medulla distinct, white; ascocarps sessile, ca. 0.8-3 mm wide, with ca. 0.2 mm thick, erect, smooth or slightly laciniate or crumbling, often swollen and pale pinkish, thalline wall, showing the ca. 0.2-2 mm wide, pink disc, in larger apothecia often with one or few, whitish, non-carbonized, radiating columellae much exerted above the disc, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 120 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ (pale) blue?, ca. 14-22 x 5-7 mu, 4-5 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. NOTE: Similar to S. wrightii. Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


Venezuela (Galiz 188b); picture length = 4 mm.	Venezuela (Sipman 26900); picture length = 4 mm.

Stegobolus auberianus (Mont.) A.Frisch & Kalb - Thallus continuously greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.5-2 mm wide warts with over 0.5 mm wide pore showing the white-powdery, radiately fissured and columellate disc surrounded by an erect, thalline margin divided more or less in 3-4 slips, carbonized, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 70-90 mu, clear; spores pale grey, transversely septate, 8/ascus, juv. I+ violet, ca. (9-)14-20 x 4-8 mu, 4-6 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 51103F, 41992, 41990.


Costa Rica (Sipman 51103F); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Costa Rica (Sipman 41990); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Costa Rica (Sipman 41192); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus berkeleyanus Mont. - Thallus continuously pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, with discoid, ca. 1 mm diam. SCHIZIDIA, surface shiny, with distinct, hardly filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps not common, immersed in distinctly raised, 1-2 mm wide, finally basally constricted warts with over 0.5 mm wide pore showing the white-powdery, radiately fissured and columellate disc surrounded by an erect, thalline margin, carbonized, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 90 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 8-10 x 4-8 mu, 4 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. NOTE: usually found sterile with schizidia (mainly paleotropical). Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


New Guinea (Lambley 1487); picture length = 4 mm.	New Guinea (Sipman 38838); picture length = 4 mm.

Stegobolus emersus (Kremp.) A.Frisch & Kalb - Thallus pale grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, ca. 0.7-1.5 mm wide warts with erect, entire margin, with ca. 0.3-1.0 mm wide, irregular pore showing the disc with large central, white knob sometimes surrounded by smaller ones (actinoid columella), with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ca. 100 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brownviolet, ca. 25 x 5 mu, 10-12 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 42394 (U). NOTE: Has been confused with S. subcavatus from which it differs by the longer spores.


Costa Rica (Sipman 42394); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus emersus (Kremp.) A.Frisch? - Thallus continuously greenish, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, somewhat filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, whitish; ascocarps immersed in distinctly raised, 0.5-1.5 mm wide warts with over 0.5 mm wide pore showing the white-powdery, radiately columellate disc surrounded by an erect, thalline margin divided more or less in 3-4 slips, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 90 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown-violet, ca. 25 x 6 mu, ca. 11 celled; chemistry: no substance. Specimen studied: Sipman 51637. NOTE: superficially similar to S. auberiana, but with different chemistry, and longer, hyaline spores.


Costa Rica (Sipman 51637); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus fissus (Nyl.) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or slightly fissured, surface shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.4-0.8 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.5 mm wide, rounded pore, the wider sized showing the grey, wide, carbonized columella, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 90 mu, clear; spores pale grey, muriform, 8/ascus, juv. I+ pale violet-brown, ca. 12 x 7-9 mu, 2-4 x 2 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid (absent in 52043). Specimens studied: Sipman 47951, 52043.


Costa Rica (Sipman 52043); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Costa Rica (Sipman 47951); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Costa Rica (Sipman 52043); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus granulosus (Tuck.) A.Frisch - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1-2 mm wide warts with erect or partly recurved margin splitting with age, with ca. 1-1.5 mm wide, irregular pore showing the disc with dense sterile basally carbonized, somewhat radiating ridges (actinoid columella), with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 12-24 x 5-6 mu, 5-6 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimens studied: Sipman 11815 (U). NOTE: resembles O. berkeleyana but with tall, erect to recurved ascocarp margin.


Costa Rica (Sipman 11815); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus isidiiferus (Hale) A.Frisch - Thallus pale tannish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, with to 1 mm long, cylindrical, erect ISIDIA becoming decumbent, surface slightly shiny, with distinct cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.5-1.0 mm wide warts with 0.2-0.5 mm wide, round or elongate to irregular pore showing no or imperfectly developed columella on the disc, with carbonized excipulum?, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, /ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 18-22 x 6-9 mu, 5-6 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


in prep.

Stegobolus metaphoricus (Nyl.) A.Frisch (incl. Ocellularia microspora (Zahlbr.) - Thallus greenish to whitish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, often thick and hard, surface shiny or dull, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct, whitish; ascocarps immersed in weakly raised, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, finally often elongate and over 2 mm long warts with 0.4-0.8 mm wide, edgy, finally elongated and over 2 mm long pore showing the simple to actinoid, grey, carbonized columella, the margin usually divided in ca. 3 erect slips with pale rim, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 65-90 mu, clear; spores pale grey to grey-brown, muriform, 8/ascus, I-negative?, ca. 10-12 x 6-8 mu, 3-6 x 1-2 celled; chemistry: lichexanthone (UV+ yellow). Specimens studied: Sipman 42311, 47818F, 47953, 51043.


Costa Rica (Sipman 47818F); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Costa Rica (Sipman 50980A); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Costa Rica (Sipman 47890F); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Costa Rica (Sipman 47953); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Costa Rica (Sipman 42311); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus percolumellatus (Sipman) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, minutely rugulose, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1.5-3.5 mm wide warts, with recurved marginal slips, often striate on inner side, with widely exposed discs and columellae, with heavily carbonized excipulum and distinct, carbonized columellae, without externally visible inner excipulum, discs and columellae whitish-pruinose with some small, orange spots; hymenium 60-75(-95) mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ purplish blue, ca. 18-28 x 5.5-6 mu, 6-8(-9) celled; chemistry: no substances. NOTE: Reported from Costa Rica by Frisch et al. (2006).


French Guiana (Sipman 50811); picture length = 3.5 mm.	French Guiana (Sipman 50811); picture length = 3.5 mm.

French Guiana (Sipman 50753); picture length = 3.5 mm.	French Guiana (Sipman 50613); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus reconditus (Stirt.) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, minutely rugulose, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla whitish; ascocarps immersed in raised, 0.6-1.0 mm wide warts with 0.1-0.3 mm wide, round, usually white-rimmed pore showing the whitish columella tip, with heavily carbonized excipulum and distinct columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ brown- to dark violet?, ca. 14-20 x 7-8 mu, ca. 5-6 celled; chemistry: unknown substance (single strong grey spot after charring near "olivacea unknown"). NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


Brazil (Sipman 13990); picture length = 4 mm.	Venezuela (Sipman 26368); picture length = 4 mm.

Stegobolus schizostomus (Tuck.) A.Frisch & Kalb - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy? cortex, not oily; medulla indistinct; ascocarps immersed in raised, 1-2 mm wide warts with erect or partly recurved margin, with ca. 1-1.5 mm wide, irregular pore showing the disc with radiating, slightly carbonized ridges, without central knob, with non-carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ blue?, ca. 15 x 5 mu, ca. 5 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 12123 (U). NOTE: Specimen identified by M. Hale, 1980.


Costa Rica (Sipman 12123); picture length = 3.5 mm.

Stegobolus subcavatus (Nyl.) A.Frisch - Thallus pale greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous or fissured, surface slightly shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, indistinct to white; ascocarps immersed in raised, ca. 0.6-1 mm wide warts with erect, entire margin, with ca. 0.2-1.0 mm wide,often white-rimmed pore showing the disc with large central knob, with carbonized excipulum, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 75-110 mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet, ca. 12-24 x 5-6 mu, 5-6 celled; chemistry: psoromic acid. Specimen studied: Sipman 12119 (U). NOTE: Description includes data from Frisch et al. (2006).


Costa Rica (Sipman 12119); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Dominica (Hale 37662); picture length = 4 mm.

Stegobolus subemersus (M�ll.Arg.) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish grey, over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal but often thin and partly endophloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with distinct, not filmy cortex, not oily; medulla thin, white; ascocarps dense, immersed in distinctly raised and basally constricted, 0.4-0.7 mm wide warts, with carbonized, erect to recurved margin, with 0.3-0.5 mm wide, white-rimmed pore, showing the white tip of the wide, carbonized columella, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium ? mu, clear; spores hyaline, transversely septate, 8/ascus, I+ dark violet?, ca. 12-15 x 5-6 mu, 4-6 celled; chemistry: cinchonarum unknown. NOTE: Description after Hale (1978). Not yet known from Costa Rica, but reported from Panama (Hale 1978).


Guyana (Sipman 18235); picture length = 4 mm.	Guyana (Sipman 18235); picture length = 4 mm.

Guyana (Sipman 18461); picture length = 4 mm.

Stegobolus wrightii (Tuck.) A.Frisch - Thallus greenish, usually over 5 cm diam., epiphloeodal, continuous, surface shiny, with slightly filmy cortex; medulla distinct, white; ascocarps sessile, ca. 0.8-3 mm wide, with ca. 0.2 mm thick, erect, smooth or slightly laciniate or crumbling, often swollen and pale pinkish, thalline wall, showing the ca. 0.2-2 mm wide, pink disc, in larger apothecia often with one or few, white, non-carbonized, radiating columellae much exerted above the disc, without externally visible inner excipulum; hymenium 80-100 mu, clear; spores hyaline, muriform, to 8/ascus, I+ (pale) blue, ca. 12-20 x 7-9 mu, 4-8 x 1-2 celled, with rounded lumina and thick outer wall; chemistry: no substance or variable quantities of psoromic and/or stictic acids. Specimens studied: Sipman 42377, 37295, 51646, 53260. NOTE: Hale (1978) reports the presence of psoromic acid.


Costa Rica (Sipman 53260); picture length = 3.5 mm.	Costa Rica (Sipman 51646); picture length = 3.5 mm.